Can Sex Bring Us Closer to God?
Should the Catholic priesthood be restricted to single, celibate men? Do clergy restrictions based on gender, marital status or sexual orientation make sense these days?
I won't presume to tell the Roman Catholic Church what to do about its priest problem, which is actually a series of problems, including the hypocrisy problem (priests who say they are celibate but aren't), the abuse problem (priests who are insufficiently in touch with their own sexuality to know how to channel it toward adults), and the shortage problem (not enough priests because of all of these other problems).
I am intrigued by the broader question, however, which as I see it is this: To what extent is sexual expression at odds with the religious life?
I am working on a book on the world's religious traditions, and it's interesting to see how off on their own Catholics are on this question. Early Christians were influenced by the Greek philosophers, who famously sided with the mind in what they saw as a mind/body battle for supremacy over the person. So Paul's strong preference for celibacy over marriage has made its way into today's Roman Catholic rules for the priesthood.
But Catholic prudery has never made any sense to Jews, or to Protestants, whose clerical ranks are both peopled by people who have sex. And that prudery has long been an embarrassment to Muslims too. Muhammad liked marriage so much he did it many times, and all the other prophets in the Islamic tradition were married too. Except Jesus, of course. Which for Muslims is a huge problem. In fact, many Muslims believe that when Jesus returns to earth he will marry and have a family before helping to usher in the end of times.
We tend to think of religion as anti-sex, but that's only because we tend to think of religion in Christian terms, so strong is Christianity's hold over even the non-Christian imagination in the modern West. All the world's religions seek to confine sexual intercourse to the institution of marriage, but none is as fearful of sexuality as is Christianity. And only Hinduism and Buddhism have much tolerance for celibacy. Even among Hindus, however, celibacy is not even a rejected possibility for priests. It is restricted to wandering ascetics, who make up only about two million of the one billion Hindus in the world, and have been known to help out an infertile couple every now and again, if the husband is suspected as the source of the problem.
To return to the Roman Catholic Church, I wouldn't frame the question around the shifting sands of contemporary norms. Yes, much of the world is coming to question prejudice against women and homosexuals. But the real issue in my view is whether Catholics want to continue to take their stand with the Greek philosophers against the body. Or, more to the point, whether that stand is essential to the Christian faith.
To put my challenge in theological terms, why would God take on a body if flesh and blood and the creative desire that courses through them is so dangerous, so fearful? Isn't one of the messages of the Incarnation that the body is holy too? And if the body is holy isn't it possible that sex is designed not just to create children, or even to bring us closer to one another, but to bring us closer to God?
By
Stephen Prothero
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May 13, 2009; 2:25 PM ET
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Posted by: mameelu | May 17, 2009 3:57 PM
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Lol. I just caught something. Prof Prothero, you write, "And only Hinduism and Buddhism have much tolerance for celibacy." And Catholics.
Do you realize that Buddhists, Hindus, and Catholics easily make up 3-4 billion of the world's 6 billion people? Do you realize how many people that is to say "only they" have tolerance for celibacy. So HALF of the world's population that thinks celibacy is a valid state of life are supposed to abandon their beliefs because a few thousand or tens of thousands of Jewish rabbis beg to differ? Of course it's not a numerical question, but you seem to think so by raising the point, and I just had to point out how silly that was of you, since most people apparently think you are mistaken... or, if not most, at least 3 billion.
"Celibacy is restricted to wandering ascetics, who make up only about two million of the one billion Hindus in the world..."
As an interesting note, you might notice that there are about the same proportion of vowed celibates without the Catholic Church. A millionish priests, and probably about a millionish others, in a total population of about a billion Catholics: religious brothers and sisters, and lay people living vows of celibacy in one way or another in the workaday world.
Maybe rather than assume that we are all dumb, you might note such a congruence among religions that are big on tradition and ask why the ratio appears in at least two of them. That might yield some interesting anthropology.
Posted by: withouthavingseen | May 17, 2009 3:56 AM
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"I am working on a book on the world's religious traditions, and it's interesting to see how off on their own Catholics are on this question. Early Christians were influenced by the Greek philosophers, who famously sided with the mind in what they saw as a mind/body battle for supremacy over the person. So Paul's strong preference for celibacy over marriage has made its way into today's Roman Catholic rules for the priesthood."
Gee, Doc, that'll be a real original book.
Seriously, though, aside from observing that your observation is so second-hand and cliche that it is ludicrous for you to present it as your own, I would like to ask one question.
Why is it that someone reads a bit of Plato or Plotinus and suddenly decides that THIS is the real, deciding factor in why those weird Catholics don't let married men become priests? I grant that such folks always say, "Don't let priests get married," which has the whole thing backwards in the first place. But seriously, why don't any of you actually read what we ourselves have written about the topic, rather than deciding who you think influenced our decision and then arguing with them? Maybe because Plato and the gang are dead and won't argue back.
But I'll argue, Prof. Prothero, if you like. Pick up a copy of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, read what it says about priestly celibacy, and then let's argue. But please, hold the "Greek influence," and let's just argue the arguments.
Posted by: withouthavingseen | May 17, 2009 3:46 AM
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Catholic prudery, Mr. Prothero? Catholicism practically luxuriates in the body, cherishes sex, marital love and family life; this is orthodox Christian and Catholic belief. But your comments are irrelevant, because we're talking about marriage in the context of the PRIESTHOOD, a special and exclusive vocation. Celibacy is a discipline (not a dogma) within the Roman Rite, and arises out of many reasons other than "prudery", fear or hatred of the body. I will not list them here, but simply refer you to 1 Corinthians 7:32-35.
Posted by: michaelmartind | May 17, 2009 12:15 AM
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Steve, I hope your book touches on the irony that the Roman Church both denigrates the body (Greek-philosophical soma/sema [body/tomb]) & sanctifies human flesh ("the sanctity of life"). / Thank you for factoring in Jesus' incarnation.
I remember with pleasure & gratitude to God
our 1:1 conversation at a Cape Code clergy luncheon during your early days at BU.
Posted by: elliottwl | May 15, 2009 12:33 PM
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Can Sex Bring Us Closer to God?
Yes, when you have sex with your own wife and think rest of the women a prohibition, as upon them is the right of someone else.
Sex becomes a sin when you steal the right of the others and inflict problems such as of a illegitimate child on the society.
Sex becomes a sin when you cheat eachother and do not have good intentions in this matter.
Posted by: shark2 | May 15, 2009 8:36 AM
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Can Sex Bring Us Closer to God?
Yes, when you are have sex with your own wife and think rest of the women a prohibition, as upon them is the right of someone else.
Posted by: shark2 | May 15, 2009 8:31 AM
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Mr. Prothero,
Obviously you have no familiarity with Pope John Paul II's "Theology of the Body" nor the encyclical which preceded it, "Humanae Vitae" by Pope Paul VI. These documents illustrate the gift of sexuality in the proper context. The problem with your view, along with secular society, is that the view and purpose of sexual union between is misplaced and distorted. The Catholic Church places the highest esteem on God's gift to mankind. However, mankind would rather abuse that gift in ways that it was not intended. So long as articles like this are being written I know with certainty that the Catholic Church has got it right. The Catholic Church has been and always will be counter-cultural and that speaks volumes especially in light of so many denominations and sects that compromise truth for the sake of unity.
Posted by: beardell | May 14, 2009 8:08 PM
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Stephen Prothero, I don't know about that "Catholic prudery." Evidently, you did not attend a Catholic high school, during the 1950s. Even the non-Catholic boys at the public high school knew which girls best to date.
Posted by: alltheroadrunnin | May 14, 2009 7:59 PM
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Us-conscience
Right:
Celibacy isn’t biblical
The papacy isn’t biblical
Infant baptism isn’t biblical
Wrong:
The priesthood is biblical
Mass has its roots in the bible
None of this makes the Catholics bad, just off-target.
However I am no longer catholic for a reason, some of them are listed above.
Mark
Always seek the truth.
Posted by: volkmare | May 14, 2009 2:39 PM
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celibacy isnt biblical, priesthood ( continuing today ) isnt biblical, what they do in the mass isnt biblical, the papacy isnt biblical, praying to saints isnt biblical, Mary worship isnt biblical, infant baptism isnt biblilcal....so, the catholic church has made up their own religion with their own gospel....so...let them make their own rules since they are evidently not concerned about being biblical.
Posted by: US-conscience | May 14, 2009 12:52 AM
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Dear Sir/Madam,
I was appalled to see comments by Mr. Stephen Prothero, who happens to be chair of Department of Religion at Boston University, at his ignorance about other faiths. I am especially offended by his comments about marriages of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the fact that Muslims are embarrassed by it. The facts are that Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) married a widow at age 25 and his wife at that time was 40 years old. And he only had one wife until age 55. From age 55 to his death at age 63, he married six other wives. One can imagine that at that age the intentions cannot be ascribed to sexual gratification only. We are discussing about an age where people used to have hundreds of wives and these ladies who married him never married again after his death and actually one of them, Aisha, lived forty nine years after his death. She was able to guide the faithful about his life and teachings throughout that period. His second comment that Muslims believes Jesus will come to earth and marry again is a view that is held by a large body of Muslims, but now there's a growing evidence that Jesus Christ, though a true prophet of God, actually died a natural death and will never come back again physically because dead people don't come back. For further information, I recommend to Mr. Prothero this website: www.alislam.org.