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Religions Built on Men's Fear of Being Expendable
Why have women fared badly in religions? Women make babies and men do not. This fundamental fact of human existence has been reflected in all religions, either with affirmation and awe, or denial and dread. The monotheistic Judaeo-Christian religions that comprise the mythological foundation of contemporary Western societies fall into the latter category.
Biological reproduction is the sine qua nonof species survival. The centrality of maternity, and hence of women, in this crucial process is obvious, in contrast to the relative obscurity, marginality and uncertainty of paternity. Unlike the mother, the father - whoever he really is - may die immediately following insemination, without biological consequence. And since one father may provide this service to many potential mothers there is no need for an equivalent number of them.
Societies have thus been preoccupied primarily with insuring an adequate supply of fecund women while at the same time sending men to die in battle - not necessarily because they are stronger or braver than women but because they are more expendable.
Goddess worship and the celebration of female fertility have marked all ancient societies. In response, it seems, men have sought somehow to appropriate the female function, ritually (through couvade, puberty rites, born-again baptism), ideologically (male creation myths), and institutionally (via patrilineage and marriage).
They also sought to compensate for their relative reproductive insignificance by locating their own unrivaled, unambiguous centrality elsewhere. Relegated by nature to the periphery in this world, they established their reproductive centrality in another, transcendent world—in other worldliness. Sent off to fight, they found another existential redoubt in warfare and the standing military - hallmark of “civilization" - and bonded together with misogynist rituals of purification.
Thus arose the great monotheistic Father-worshipping cults of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, with their corollary militarized and misogynist cultures. Here males became the central creators, as well as destroyers. God the Father gives birth to the universe, Adam gives birth to Eve. And the providential promise to the patriarchs -- the covenant of Abraham -- is fulfilled by the holy swords of Joshua, David, the Maccabeans, the militia Christi, the Crusaders, and the warriors of Mohammed.
Having inverted the natural order, this masculinized culture now, in turn, marginalized and demonized women as descendents of Eve and gateways to perdition. Having securely located male centrality in the realms of religion and the military, these two were now institutionally conjoined to form another: the clergy. Repeatedly, in times of social disarray or renewal, women have temporarily gained a foothold in organized religion, only to be thwarted by clerical resistance. And this clerical culture became the template of all subsequent "traditionally masculine fields,” such as philosophy, law, medicine, science and engineering.
Even today, as women haltingly gain entry to these realms, including the clergy, often by foregoing motherhood or otherwise demonstrating their "virility" (Augustine's approving term for female celibacy), the universe of male compensation seems ever to be expanding. How else to explain the veritable explosion of religious zealotry and clerical excess, the mounting militarism and incessant warfare, the ever-widening web of inhuman technological instrumentality, the escalation of scientific escapism?
Or, perhaps, beneath it all, the telltale sign of our times and our culture lies rather in the steady advance of artificial reproduction toward the consummate male compensation: A womb of their own.
David F. Noble is a professor of social science at Ontario's York University, and author of 'A World Without Women: The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science'
By David F. Noble |
January 22, 2007; 5:10 PM ET
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Actually Noble is spot on in his view. The Bible itself gives evidence in the story of Adam and Eve being cast out from Eden. When one is not brain dead by blind faith in one mythology or another, the clues become much more evident. There were two forbidden trees in the garden. Their fruit granted two very different but revealing powers. Immortality and knowledge. Women, as long as they bare females are physically immortal, as every woman carries her next lives within her ovaries before she is even birthed into this world. Sexual reproduction is a form of enhanced cloneing. Men are nothing more than genetic messengers that facilitate the exchange of information between females. Indeed males can be described of as being a conversation between females carried out over time. Males are specialized females (study your embryology) All life starts as female, it is the default state of life. Because of this, Eve rejected the tree of eternal life in favor of the tree of knowledge, information, that she could use, once Adam was liberated from his ignorant state, to continue her physical immortality in THIS world on HER terms. From the earlest beginnings of the understanding of the creation of life in early primates and humans, it cannot be ignored that males even today in some simpler societies are not aware of the role of sex with regard to pregnancy. Males simply saw another life literally coming out of a females body that had to be cut away, much as is seen in the plant kingdom. Is a daughter or son a whole new life in these people's eyes? Or, more likely and immediately self evident, an extension of the mother? The implications of this are profound. Females achieve eternal life by changing and adapting and re-producing in THIS world. Males, seeing that they do not possess the power to physical reproduce life out of their own bodies with or without the help of any other human being in THIS world, have set up a parallel immortality with a "Father" god in some other world.
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God created Life on Earth and Humans were supposed to be the Caretakers. After the Fall, God made the commandment Thou Shalt Not Kill. Man became the Killers and are still killing. Different religions were formed to try to explain about Life, and this caused many divisions and goavernments of Humans.
Now Humans have Christianity and say they follow the Leader of their religion, Jesus who said Turn The Other Cheek. Christians have engaged many wars and now in a pre-emptive war in Iraq, without cause. Is this what God or Jesus meant? Is religion just mouth worship?
We have polluted our Ozone layer, and we have trash dumps on land and sea. We have oil spills and nuclear bombs on land and sea. Is this Caretaking of our Home?
Most people are expecting their God to return for the Judgement Day of our Caretaking. How are we doing in the sight of God and Jesus?
Is it time to unite as One government, and no mouthworshipping religions, and start housecleaning our planet for the visistors from Space? Or will we blow up the planet before they get here? Many countries have the nuclear bomb.
Can we have Peace when there is no Peace? Is it worth a try?
Posted by: Dolores Lear | February 3, 2007 6:12 PM
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seems like mr. noble hit a nerve with the men-
Posted by: victoria | January 25, 2007 4:35 AM
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I agree with Bill G. The author lacks Christian theology to understand the concepts from the bible regarding women and men. They hen peck certain phrases in the bible and preverse them with there own view without understanding the true message in it's entirety.
Here's a clue to further understanding! God loves the humble heart not the proud!
3And he said: "I tell you the truth, unless you change and become like little children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven. 4Therefore, whoever humbles himself like this child is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven.
Posted by: Jon Matthew | January 24, 2007 3:21 PM
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The theory brought forth by David F. Noble seems quite farfetched concerning religion and men.
Life in ancient societies with female and male gods emphasizing the LAWS OF NATURE was much more balanced. Men were not used as 'cannon fodder' or gotten rid of in wars. Each had her/his role in life.
Monotheism started with the pharao Echnaton, after it failed it was continued by the Israelites, the Muslims, and the Christians, a religion made by men for men. Women had no say.
In the name of these religions millions of people were killed, men, women, and children, countless wars were fought.
Had women been equals, and would they be equals in these religions today, problems would have been and would be solved through negotiations using insight, reason, and tolerance. The male makes many more rash decisions, acts before he thinks, is more impatient, vengeful than women, causing wars that kill mostly his own kind. And the women have to pick up the pieces.
Posted by: Erik Wassenich | January 24, 2007 2:05 PM
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Misogynist must be the new catch phrase everyone who's "hip" uses to describe religion!
Mr. Noble has no understanding of Christian or Jewish religion! He may know words but not concepts.
It seems to me that many liberals are angry at the truth of nature. They know who has babies and who doesn't, but are torqued about it and blame those of religious faiths. Christianity doesn't hold women down! Some "Christians" might use it as an excuse, but it doesn't any more than useing Mao's beliefs as the example of all atheists.
God made rules and people twist them whether to the left or right. It doesn't change Gods rules nor make all of Gods people and their faith bad. You don't believe in God? Doesn't matter it is what it is!
Posted by: Bill L | January 24, 2007 10:47 AM
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The roles of men and women involve in Religion are "supposedly" defined roles. As an example, the man is supposed to be the "hunter" and the woman the gatherer.
Yes, men do die in battle...in these days some countries women do to. However, the female is the one to procreate. In some ways, the roles have been either "bent" or biased based on idealogies.
Here a thought: both man and woman work has a team to help provide to produce a family. Yet, in some cultures, it all man, all the time...but he could not do it without a woman's role, help or support.
Posted by: charles | January 23, 2007 8:19 PM
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i think there are other chemical and physical catalysts also- i dont agree that men are not stronger than women physically-
after all societies are made up of people- so are you saying that the men themselves through some self loathing sent themsleves off to war?
or the women encouraged them?
if men were physically weaker than women that might make sense- but while it is an incredibly insightful and sows an amazing critique of mens place in the world- especially by a man- it still requires that suspension of belief that i cant cross-
i think its a little more 2 sided than that- where do women who cant procreate fit i this scheme?
are they pseudomen? are they also jealous of the fecundity of the women?
i think the fact that men are worried about where their accumulated stuff ends up also plays a part- in jewish tradition it is a matrilineal ine because- as it was explained to me- you always know who the mother is!
and while the expendability of men is amusing to contemplate- still we DO need their sperm- so we are more co-dependent on each other for the immortality conferred by progeny-
i thought this was kind of fabulous-the post i mean-
salaams (fabulous as in o youre fabulous, not incredulity)
Posted by: victoria | January 23, 2007 5:51 PM
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I've often wondered if patriarchal religious doctrines have their roots in the some men's jealousy of women's ability to bear children. But I had never considered that the jealousy may itself be rooted in expandability. Would that insecurity also explain why these doctrines also try to assert authority over women's reproductive ability?
A "womb of their own" would be a good premise for a science fiction novel, perhaps written by Joanna Russ or Ursula K. LeGuin.
Posted by: Tonio | January 23, 2007 4:03 PM
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Yep. That about sums it up.
Women are "innies"
Men are "outties"
Women "encircle"
Men "point"
In the DIGITAL world....
Women are the 0s
Men are the 1s
It's that LINEAR thingie that just keeps POPPING UP in the middle of an adult conversation.
And as soon as men DO understand they are expendable in the larger scheme of things...the better this world will be. LINEAR - lines have a BEGINNING and an END. Think a drone.
They don't call them CANNON FODDER for nothing.
Posted by: mommadona | January 23, 2007 3:59 PM
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