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PBS: Public Broadcasting is Secular
JUST LAW AND RELIGION
By Michael Kessler
I grew up watching PBS--especially the Victory Garden, This Old House, Julia Child, and the many ethnographic, travel, and nature programs. The antenna on my parent's house, set in the middle of Indiana's farm fields, picked up Chicago's WTTW. It was my Window to the World which offered me a view of life far beyond the short 70 miles I had ever ventured from my house.
I am not particularly religious in a church-going manner, and Sunday morning "church" is not on my television queue. I'm somewhat torn, however, by the decision of the Board of the Public Broadcasting Service, who voted yesterday to enforce its 1985 ban on sectarian programs. Affiliates who currently carry programs, about 5 of 356 member stations, can continue the practice, but new sectarian programs will not be allowed.
This means stations which try to broadcast new programs could lose their PBS affiliation. A few will not have to cancel current programs, so WHUT in Washington D.C. can continue showing "Mass for Shut-Ins," a long-running collaboration with the Archdiocese of Washington that has broadcast a weekly Mass since 1996. Yet in anticipation of the vote, the Archdiocese arranged to move the show to WDCW, a commercial channel, for a significant increase in broadcasting fees.
PBS policy, adopted in 1985, requires member stations to provide a "nonsectarian, nonpolitical, noncommercial educational program service." According to Current newspaper, these "Three Nons" are "descriptors that help define public TV's identity -- noncommercial, nonpolitical and nonsectarian. Federal law and the FCC restrict two of the "nons." The FCC is mandated to ban commercial content and limit political content on noncom stations. But PBS is on its own to define what the third "non" means to public TV."
The Station Services Committee investigating the issue was concerned that providing a forum for sectarian religious broadcasting would undercut the mission of PBS by too closely aligning with a particular religious organization. PBS "places a high value on presenting diverse perspectives, as opposed to rigidly adhering to any single political or religious point of view." Privileging the religious programming of a few groups "would cause the public's trust in PBS to erode, along with the value of the brand." The PBS Board hoped to avoid any appearance of endorsing religious views, particularly while receiving Federal tax revenues to pay for some of their operating expenses (through the Congressionally-created Corporation for Public Broadcasting).
On the one hand, I sympathize with the Board's concerns, and recognize the potential validity of some of the arguments made by supporters of the decision, like Rev. Barry Lynn, one of the nation's foremost advocates of church-state separation. Lynn's reasons are fairly straightforward: "There's no reason for PBS stations to show proselytizing or evangelistic programming, particularly with the explosion of television channels available in recent years. With PBS paid for partly with taxpayer dollars, it's perfectly defensible constitutionally to forbid religious programming. And with plenty of other broadcast opportunities for religious programming, PBS is by no means required to provide them a forum."
Lynn asserts two justifications. First, there are numerous possible forums for religious groups to transmit their message. They don't need to use the public, quasi-governmental stations. Second, since the stations receive tax money they operate as quasi-governmental agencies. As such, they should not permit religious broadcasting lest they violate Constitutional prohibitions on endorsing particular sectarian viewpoints.
The first reason doesn't hold much weight if we remember that the "explosion" of channels is largely a phenomenon of cable and satellite television. In many areas, apart from the cost-prohibitive commercial stations, the only other channels that broadcast a signal that your grandma can receive on old-fashioned rabbit ears antennae are PBS affiliates.
But this leads to the next concern. As a public station partially funded by tax dollars, is it constitutionally permissible (even required?) to allow sectarian religious programming.
This is complicated by the "quasi" governmental status of Public Broadcasting. As Justice Douglas argued in his concurrence in CBS v. Democratic National Committee 412 U.S. 94 (1973), the Corporation "is a creature of Congress whose management is in the hands of a Board named by the President and approved by the Senate" and appears to be "a federal agency engaged in operating a 'press' as that word is used in the First Amendment." If PBS is a purely government agency, then the government could not readily discriminate among particular viewpoints.
But the Court has not treated PBS as any regular government agency. Instead, PBS is treated as a broadcast station managed by editors. It is not open access TV. Editors do not allow every program on the air. PBS is not a "designated public forum" in which all persons must be allowed to speak without discriminating among viewpoints.
Further the Court has also ruled, in the context of election campaign debates, that PBS is not a public forum like others, but operates more like a journalistic enterprise. In Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes 523 U.S. 666 (1998), the Court held that a public television station who excluded a third-party candidate from a campaign debate did not violate the First Amendment because such "judgments...should be left to the exercise of journalistic discretion."
So PBS is not really a government agency in the normal sense, and it is not necessarily bound by strict requirements to maintain viewpoint neutrality. Indeed, editors and program executives have a broad discretion to determine what programs are shown. Any decision to maintain content neutrality and strive to be nonsectarian is more a product of the Board's self-constraint, not so much a constitutional requirement. As such, the Board's decision to limit the "world" they explore is their own choice. They will allow the "objective" review of religion to continue--Religion and Ethics Newsweekly is news and analysis about religion, not the practice of religion. But the local Catholics can't use 30 minutes at 7 a.m. to reach shut-ins.
I wonder if this cuts off a part of the world that we should hope flourishes, even if we don't participate in it. It's not my religion that will be fostered by the programming. And my desired programs still get the best time slots. And I can easily recognize that PBS is not endorsing particular views when they merely provide access to the airwaves for some groups to broadcast shows at odd hours. Rather, PBS is merely accommodating the local communities' needs through educating and facilitating the vast range of cultural expressions of local citizens, including religious expressions. Is Mass for Shut-Ins much different from a country-gospel singer crooning on Austin City Limits?
The danger of course is that every group will then want access. And PBS could become as irrelevant and loony as a local access station--a scary prospect. They have scarce resources of airtime and must be responsible to limit programming to the best explorations of the world around us.
There's no easy answer to this. The PBS Board was trying to be neutral--a worthy goal. I just wonder if they could have found a way to remain neutral while still letting Grandma watch Mass on Sunday.
Dr. Michael Kessler is Assistant Director of the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs and Visiting Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University.
By Michael Kessler |
June 18, 2009; 11:17 AM ET
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Just Law and Religion
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Posted by: Alex511 | June 24, 2009 12:45 PM
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Dr. Kessler apparently didn't review the updated PBS requirement on religious programming for member stations, which is summarized by the 6/16/09 posting in "Current," a public broadcasting newspaper, at www.current.org:
"PBS board okays 'three nons' requirement
In a compromise with the small number of PBS stations running religious programming, the PBS board today approved a membership requirement that would allow those shows to continue but would ban more sectarian programs to be added on PRIMARY channels. Also, religious programs may be carried on MULTICAST channels or other PLATFORMS as long as PBS branding is not included. This was the final requirement recommended by the Station Services Committee after more than a year's work updating membership criteria. The 'three nons' question had been sent back to the system for additional input (see Current, April 13)...." [Emphases added]
And Dr. Kessler didn't note that the PBS board updated its membership requirement to accommodate the federally mandated 6/12/09 conversion from analog to digital television, whereby 356 local PBS stations can multicast two or more digital channels from one FCC-licensed transmitter.
For example, TPT (Twin Cities Public Television) in Saint Paul is using two licensed transmitters to multicast one PRIMARY channel in a high-definition format and three SECONDARY channels in standard-definition formats. All can be received by over-the-air and cable-TV viewers. The PRIMARY channel and one SECONDARY channel can be received by satellite-TV viewers.
Per my understanding of the updated requirement, TPT could provide Catholic, Lutheran and other church services on its SECONDARY channels if they weren't branded as PBS-distributed services. And TPT's Website could also be a PLATFORM for church services if they weren't PBS branded.
Dr. Kessler also didn't note that PBS and its member stations continue to provide a wide range of non-sectarian programming, with the award-winning "Religion & Ethics Newsweekly" being one of many examples.
Richard Lee Dechert
Maplewood, Minnesota
(A media researcher and retired TPT staffer speaking only for myself.)
Posted by: ldechert | June 20, 2009 4:03 AM
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Dr. Kessler apparently didn't review the updated PBS requirement on religious programming for member stations, which is summarized by the 6/16/09 posting in "Current," a public broadcasting newspaper, at www.current.org:
"PBS board okays 'three nons' requirement
In a compromise with the small number of PBS stations running religious programming, the PBS board today approved a membership requirement that would allow those shows to continue but would ban more sectarian programs to be added on PRIMARY channels. Also, religious programs may be carried on MULTICAST channels or other PLATFORMS as long as PBS branding is not included. This was the final requirement recommended by the Station Services Committee after more than a year's work updating membership criteria. The 'three nons' question had been sent back to the system for additional input (see Current, April 13)...." [Emphases added]
And Dr. Kessler didn't note that the PBS board updated its membership requirement to accommodate the federally mandated 6/12/09 conversion from analog to digital television, whereby 356 local PBS stations can multicast two or more digital channels from one FCC-licensed transmitter.
For example, TPT (Twin Cities Public Television) in Saint Paul is using two licensed transmitters to multicast one PRIMARY channel in a high-definition format and three SECONDARY channels in standard-definition formats. All can be received by over-the-air and cable-TV viewers. The PRIMARY channel and one SECONDARY channel can be received by satellite-TV viewers.
Per my understanding of the updated requirement, TPT could provide Catholic, Lutheran and other church services on its SECONDARY channels if they weren't branded as PBS-distributed services. And TPT's Website could also be a PLATFORM for church services if they weren't PBS branded.
Dr. Kessler also didn't note that PBS and its member stations continue to provide a wide range of non-sectarian programming, with the award-winning "Religion & Ethics Newsweekly" being one of many examples.
Richard Lee Dechert
Maplewood, Minnesota
(A media researcher and retired TPT staffer speaking only for myself.)
Posted by: ldechert | June 20, 2009 4:00 AM
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PBS (Public Broa...) is Public.
If something is newsworthy programming, then I think it should be aired. At the discretion of the directors who should be in touch with the community's pulse.
Airing masses, or religious prayers is fine, but only in that context.
For example, airing footage of Herr Ratzinger bloviating for say a minute or so to show the newsworthy event of thousands of Catholics huddled in the square under the watchful eyes of transferred pedophiles and protectors of those pedophiles is fine.
Broadcasting the whole event, goes towards promoting Catholicism.
Forget the first amendment, why would you want to broadcast activities of an organization whose employees have racked up 3 billion dollars in settlements for sexual abuse of minors?
If a local community day care center was scandalized with one child getting molested by its staff, would PBS continue to air classroom sessions from that school?
Posted by: HumanSimpleton | June 19, 2009 6:05 PM
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"The danger of course is that every group will then want access. And PBS could become as irrelevant and loony as a local access station--a scary prospect."
Interesting perspective. Have you ever though others consider your favorite religions irrelevant and loony? To paraphrase Mr. Rogers, I bet you haven't.
Posted by: coloradodog | June 18, 2009 2:23 PM
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I mean, come to think of it, the Church has been encouraging Catholics to spend millions upon millions defaming LBGT people and opposing our civil rights, as well as all manner of other media/political moves. You could be using that to get Granny a Netbook and stream it.
I'll help set 'em up if you want.
Posted by: Paganplace | June 18, 2009 1:17 PM
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Yaknow, if that's not too 'irrelevant and loony' for ya. :)
Posted by: Paganplace | June 18, 2009 1:11 PM
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See, you hit on the problem right here:
"The danger of course is that every group will then want access. And PBS could become as irrelevant and loony as a local access station--a scary prospect."
You want Catholics to enjoy special privileges with public money, to say what they will in the course of a Mass (which involves an open mike for the priest in the sermon, btw) ...but also to maintain the idea that to have other religions on the air would be 'irrelevant and loony.'
Broadcast stations are full of infomercials on Sunday morning in most places, if it has to be over-the-air.
I sympathize with the plight of shut-ins, but you can't use them for what's in your own words attempting to use government money to promote one religion over another.
To solve the problems of grannies, though, there's a solution readily-apparent. The digital TV conversion can allow *lots and lots of side-channels,* ...plenty of room for everyone, if we make it happen.
For everyone.
Posted by: Paganplace | June 18, 2009 1:05 PM
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fr paganplace:
>...You want Catholics to enjoy special privileges with public money, to say what they will in the course of a Mass (which involves an open mike for the priest in the sermon, btw) ...but also to maintain the idea that to have other religions on the air would be 'irrelevant and loony.'
You are SO right, paganplace! When I was attending a lutheran college in the Midwest, I ran for Student Council and suggested that speakers from (gasp!) other faiths/beliefs be brought in, so students could learn about them. Needless to say, I did NOT survive the committee that "nominated" the candidates.