Fathers and Families
FAITH IN ACTION
By Katherine Marshall
Here's a topic that deserves center stage this Father's Day: family planning. It's an improbable but vital issue for Father's Day for two reasons: It's more often linked to women than to men, and it's shrouded in tensions, many with religious overtones.
Some people view family planning as one of modernity's transforming achievements, part of the women's revolution. But from a heyday in which population policies were constantly in the news and a leading development practice, the whole topic seemed to go underground. There were good reasons and bad.
The good? Experience and research showed that family size was linked as much to prosperity and education as it was to aggressive promotion of contraceptives. Enrolling girls in school and offering women opportunities to earn income had a side effect of reducing the number of children they had. Average family size has come down worldwide, sometimes with top-notch family planning programs but sometimes without them. Iran, for one, has had remarkable success in bringing down its birth rate, with active support from religious leaders.
The bad? Family planning got caught in the mangle of politico-religious debates about reproduction. The real third rail, of course, is abortion. But family planning more generally has come to be seen as controversial.
The 1994 Cairo United Nations Conference on Population and Development offered a show of what many saw as an "unholy alliance" between Catholic Church leaders and some Islamic states questioning family planning policies; this shattered the consensus that women were entitled to family planning services as a basic right.
Moral outrage has polarized discussion. Advocates of reproductive rights remain enraged by restrictions on information and services about reproduction, while opponents hear "family planning" and think abortion.
The religious dimensions are complex. A Moroccan book about illegitimate births contrasts the Koran's approach to pregnancy with the Judeo-Christian approach. One links the disdain of societies for women and the tendency to blame the woman for a pregnancy to Eve's original sin, forever condemning women to bear the shame and stigma of her act. The author compares that to the Koran's teaching that Adam and Eve shared equal responsibility. That's a thought-provoking argument to bring men into the discussion, not as judges (so often the case) but as participants.
Vocabulary, it turns out, makes a big difference in perceptions. The networking group Christian Connections for International Health (CCIH) examined attitudes toward family planning at its Memorial Day conference and discovered, for example, that the term "population control" generates allergic reactions.
With climate change refocusing attention on the impact of growing populations and their demands for resources, it's a good time to discuss family planning again.
I was truly startled to meet someone at an academic conference recently who argued that reproductive health was the wrong issue to focus on. He was indignant that columnist Nicholas Kristof had urged a renewed focus on family planning, especially in countries like Haiti. When I probed why, his answer was that fathers belong at the center, not family planning "devices".
While I disagree profoundly with his basic arguments, the idea that men need to be engaged makes good sense. Father's Day is a good time to remember that family planning is not a women's issue but one for us all.
Katherine Marshall is a senior fellow at Georgetown's Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs, a Visiting Professor, and a senior adviser for the World Bank.
By Katherine Marshall |
June 22, 2009; 1:18 AM ET
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Faith in Action
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Posted by: Farnaz1Mansouri1 | June 23, 2009 2:12 AM
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The story of Adam and Eve is recounted in Genesis 3: God prohibited both of them from eating the fruits of the forbidden tree. The serpent seduced Eve to eat from it and Eve, in turn, seduced Adam to eat with her. When God rebuked Adam for what he did, he put all the blame on Eve:
"The woman you put here with me she gave me some fruit from the tree and I ate it." Consequently, God said to Eve:
"I will greatly increase your pains in childbearing; with pain you will give birth to children. Your desire will be for your husband and he will rule over you."
To Adam He said:
"Because you listened to your wife and ate from the tree .... Cursed is the ground because of you; through painful toil you will eat of it all the days of your life..."
According to the bible, it is clear that the blame falls on Eve as she was the instigator and Adam was only following her lead.
In Jewish history, Women, along with children and slaves, were not even obliged to say the Shema and there was a prayer that goes like this:
“Praise be to God. He has not created me a Gentile. Praise be to God. He has not created me a woman. Praise be to God. He has not created me an ignorant man.”
Taking this narrative to heart, many authors wrote about Eve ‘sin’ and its lasting consequences:
"A woman should learn in quietness and full submission. I don't permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent. For Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner" (I Timothy 2:11-14).
The misogynist Tertullian who coined the term trinity wrote: "Do you not know that you are each an Eve? The sentence of God on this sex of yours lives in this age: the guilt must of necessity live too. You are the Devil's gateway: You are the unsealer of the forbidden tree: You are the first deserter of the divine law: You are she who persuaded him whom the devil was not valiant enough to attack. You destroyed so easily God's image, man. On account of your desert even the Son of God had to die."
St. Augustine wrote: "What is the difference whether it is in a wife or a mother, it is still Eve the temptress that we must beware of in any woman......I fail to see what use woman can be to man, if one excludes the function of bearing children."
St. Thomas Aquinas also wrote: "As regards the individual nature, woman is defective and misbegotten, for the active force in the male seed tends to the production of a perfect likeness in the masculine sex; while the production of woman comes from a defect in the active force or from some material indisposition, or even from some external influence."
Posted by: ukba | June 22, 2009 11:57 PM
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"One links the disdain of societies for women and the tendency to blame the woman for a pregnancy to Eve's original sin, forever condemning women to bear the shame and stigma of her act. The author compares that to the Koran's teaching that Adam and Eve shared equal responsibility. That's a thought-provoking argument to bring men into the discussion, not as judges (so often the case) but as participants."
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How novel of the Quoran, indeed, how much the Christians can learn on this score from the Quoran. Pardon, moi, whilst I am LMAO!!
When will you secessionists of Judaism, Jews, the TaNakh ("OT") ever get it, ever learn, etc.?
In the Tanakh, there is no "original sin." This was a later interpretation by Augustine, not of interest to Judaism. In Judaism, there is NO original sin by Eve. READ, please. Adam is chastised by the deity for blaming Eve for his disobedience. Sin, in no way, is linked with sex.
Adam adds to his guilt. In no way is he less guilty than Eve. This from the people who wrote the book.
Easier to look to the Quoran, which claims to supersede Christianity than to the religion, which you claim you superseded, I guess.
Too bad, Kathrine. You need not be haunted by Judaism. You need only be honest. Is that possible?
Posted by: Farnaz1Mansouri1 | June 22, 2009 7:20 PM
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Calm it down UKBA, and take a deep breath. There now. I must say I find it quite interesting that a Christian and Muslim presume to opine on a Hebrew test that neither has read in Hebrew, that was mistranslated into Greek, and which the two, I would think, read in another language. Both Marshall and the blogger UKBA are in error, which is hardly surprising.
I am reminded of Edward Said's remark that the hallmark of imperialism is one culture's presumption that its task is to explain to another its own heritage. Now, here we have two such cultures, making the identical presumption.
ON the various mistranslations, some of which are to be noted in UKBA's post, I refer readers to the link I post below.
Judaism does NOT HOLD Eve responsible for the loss of Eden, since it does not read Eden as a story of loss or exile. Judaism is not Christianity. Neither is it Islam. Would the Christians and Muslims confine themselves to readings of their own texts, but since they will
not, I suppose there is nothing for it but for the rest of us to become NT and Quoranic "exegetes." Stay tuned for said exegeses. Sheesh! The arrogance!
http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/eve-bible