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Violence, Morality and Islam's Call
There is no denying the popular association of Islam with political violence – both state tyranny and non-state terrorism. But a reasonably careful reading of Islam’s holy texts and Islamic law, known as sharia, make it clear that Islam is a call not to violence, but to a moral life – and that Muslims may legitimately use force in only a limited set of circumstances.
The Qur’an, Islam’s scripture, is not naïve about violence or uniformly opposed to its use. It speaks of Muslims fighting and killing those who refuse to live under the singular lordship of God and who break covenants of peace with the Prophet Muhammad (Q 9:1-14). It suggests that God prefers believers who struggle/fight in His way over those who sit idly at home (Q 4:95). It states that a life can be taken for a life (Q 5:45), an eye for an eye, etc.
On the other hand, foregoing one’s right to such justice expiates for one’s sins, while killing a single soul is tantamount to killing all of humanity (Q 5:32), and no life is to be taken without cause (Q 6:151).
Jihad is often mistranslated into English as “holy war”, but means “struggle.” Only a quarter of the roughly 40 references to it in the Qur’an can be clearly linked to armed struggle, while the others are more suggestive of religious devotion and purity of intention than of fighting.
Later scholars defined jihad in terms of force used as a means of defending and extending religion, i.e., God’s morality, but they also included rules for battle conduct in their discussion, rules often intended to reduce rather than escalate violence. They stated, for example, that jihad can be pursued only under legitimate authority of society’s rulers -- authority granted to further the prosperity (salah) of society over against its corruption (fasad).
The Qur’an attributes evil -- or corruption in the land -- not only to a society’s failure to heed the prophetic message and live in recognition of a day of judgment sure to come but also to unhappy inclinations in the human soul (Q 12:53). In this sense, jihad as struggle for the way of God came to be widely understood as a spiritual battle against the ungodly elements in the soul that keep believers from full enjoyment of the presence of God. One could be a martyr by undergoing a spiritual death (to one’s own egoistic impulses) and not actual death on the battlefield. Indeed, martyrdom in the Qur’an has no violent connotations but implies simply steadfast witness (shahada) to belief in God.
Thus, while the Qur’an has no clear definition of either military jihad (jihad of the sword, jihad al-sayf, known as the lesser jihad) or spiritual jihad (jihad against the soul, jihad al-nafs, known as the greater jihad), both are part of Islam.
In modern times, jihad has been associated with moral, educational, and national causes—and also with non-violence. For example, the Algerian spiritual master, Sheikh ‘Alawi (1874-1934), counseled struggle against French colonial rule but not on its own jingoistic terms. For him, countering French violence in kind was risky. It would make Muslims like their colonial masters, i.e. violent and worldly in purpose. And, in turn, it would undermine the otherworldly purpose of Muslim life, namely preoccupation with the love of God.
Violence on the basis of confessional differences alone has no legitimacy. The Qur’an speaks of battling polytheism, including decadent forms of Jewish and Christian monotheism (Q 9:29). This, however, is keyed not to degenerate belief but to worldly arrogance whereby the powerful justify policies of injustice by making themselves God’s partners. True prophecy is therefore a prerequisite for true justice. Muslims have on occasion taken non-Muslim belief as cause of enmity, but this does not square with the overall heritage. The Qur’an says there can be no coercion in religion (Q 2:256) and calls for equality between Muslims and non-Muslims (Q 3:64). And history attests to non-Muslim recognition of Muslim justice. Even if not enjoying the same legal status as Muslims, non-Muslims living under Muslim rule in the pre-modern period were known to take recourse to Islamic courts for protection of their personal and financial interests.
In other words, Islam is not about politics per se, let alone political violence, but a tightly regulated economy of morality. Its two chief marks are justice and mercy. Rights are owed to God (huquq allah) as made known by Him (e.g. no worship of anything/anyone but Him, no stealing, no adultery, etc.). Transgressors of these rights will be held accountable on Judgment Day but can hope for mercy, which God has decreed for Himself (Q 6:12). Similarly, rights are owed to other humans (huquq al-‘ibad), including rights owed to the poor and weaker members of society. Those whose rights have been transgressed are to be compensated, but they can also choose to forego retribution as an act of compassion to preserve harmony in society. The Prophet Muhammad was known for his willingness to forego retribution against those who persecuted him for the sake of a greater purpose, namely peace in society, as illustrated by his tolerance towards his former enemies after his peaceful conquest of Mecca. A great reward in the next life awaits those who sincerely turn to religion and steadfastly adhere to the way of God (sabil allah)—in praying and fasting, in doing good works, and, if necessary, in struggling (jihad) to protect/promote the moral economy of God. The trials of this world are to be endured for the sake of the next, and those who support God by holding fast to His economy of morality can expect to be supported by Him (Q 47:7).
Islam calls for the preservation of rights, i.e. justice, but also the willingness to forego those rights for the sake of a greater interest, i.e. compassionate relations in society. The legitimate use of power cannot transgress rights, either those of God or those of His creatures. Political violence against human society, whether deployed by state or non-state actors, is contrary to Islam. Such violence in the name of Islam certainly exists today. It is, however, the byproduct of modernist supremacist ideologies now parading as Islam and going by the name of Jihadism, not of the Qur’an and the sharia heritage it engendered.
By Paul L. Heck |
July 24, 2007; 8:59 AM ET
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Posted by: ubqdmjzew jcprst | August 19, 2007 8:24 PM
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A moderate Muslim?A moderate Muslim is like a moderate Palestinian.One who ran out of ammunition.That's a moderate Muhammedian."Link 1"
Posted by: William C Link | August 2, 2007 6:28 AM
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A moderate Muslim?A moderate Muslim is like a moderate Palestinian.One who ran out of ammunition.That's a moderate Muhammedian."Link 1"
Posted by: William C Link | August 2, 2007 6:28 AM
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Your interpretation,is just that and that alone,your interpretation freely given and well received.But,it is still only yours not of the other millions upon millions of Muslims around the world who do in fact believe in killing the unbelievers,or one who does not subscribe to their particular brand of Islam.Your prophet,Mohammed,a land pirate,a brigand,rode rough-shod over ANYone who got in his way,or who was not of the faith,refused conversion,etc.The arrogance of absolutes in anything is a hinderence in accepting something which is different than your own belief system.To be more precise I should have been saying MY belief system since I can only speak for myself.In my opinion,explaining away the actions of the followers of Islam to an unbeliever seems like a white-wash and this commentary may be better served,but I seriously doubt will be well received by presenting it to the millions of Muhammadians throughout the world and setting THEM straight."Link 1"
Posted by: William C Link | August 2, 2007 6:22 AM
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Your interpretation,is just that and that alone,your interpretation freely given and well received.But,it is still only yours not of the other millions upon millions of Muslims around the world who do in fact believe in killing the unbelievers,or one who does not subscribe to their particular brand of Islam.Your prophet,Mohammed,a land pirate,a brigand,rode rough-shod over ANYone who got in his way,or who was not of the faith,refused conversion,etc.The arrogance of absolutes in anything is a hinderence in accepting something which is different than your own belief system.To be more precise I should have been saying MY belief system since I can only speak for myself.In my opinion,explaining away the actions of the followers of Islam to an unbeliever seems like a white-wash and this commentary may be better served,but I seriously doubt will be well received by presenting it to the millions of Muhammadians throughout the world and setting THEM straight."Link 1"
Posted by: William C Link | August 2, 2007 6:22 AM
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Your interpretation,is just that and that alone,your interpretation freely given and well received.But,it is still only yours not of the other millions upon millions of Muslims around the world who do in fact believe in killing the unbelievers,or one who does not subscribe to their particular brand of Islam.Your prophet,Mohammed,a land pirate,a brigand,rode rough-shod over ANYone who got in his way,or who was not of the faith,refused conversion,etc.The arrogance of absolutes in anything is a hinderence in accepting something which is different than your own belief system.To be more precise I should have been saying MY belief system since I can only speak for myself.In my opinion,explaining away the actions of the followers of Islam to an unbeliever seems like a white-wash and this commentary may be better served,but I seriously doubt will be well received by presenting it to the millions of Muhammadians throughout the world and setting THEM straight."Link 1"
Posted by: William C Link | August 2, 2007 6:21 AM
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Your interpretation,is just that and that alone,your interpretation freely given and well received.But,it is still only yours not of the other millions upon millions of Muslims around the world who do in fact believe in killing the unbelievers,or one who does not subscribe to their particular brand of Islam.Your prophet,Mohammed,a land pirate,a brigand,rode rough-shod over ANYone who got in his way,or who was not of the faith,refused conversion,etc.The arrogance of absolutes in anything is a hinderence in accepting something which is different than your own belief system.To be more precise I should have been saying MY belief system since I can only speak for myself.In my opinion,explaining away the actions of the followers of Islam to an unbeliever seems like a white-wash and this commentary may be better served,but I seriously doubt will be well received by presenting it to the millions of Muhammadians throughout the world and setting THEM straight."Link 1"
Posted by: William C Link | August 2, 2007 6:18 AM
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As a person who knows very little about the Qur’an, it is interesting for me to read what the actual scripture reveals about the religion. Reading through the excerpts and explanations, I see a variety of takes on peace and violence. Ranging from, "Muslims fighting and killing those who refuse to live under the singular lordship of God and who break covenants of peace with the Prophet Muhammad" to more peaceful interpretations such as, "killing a single soul is tantamount to killing all of humanity." I believe that understanding scripture is a key to a deeper and more authentic understanding of a religion, but at the same time it can be misleading. Scripture is interpreted differently by its readers. People pick and choose which lines to believe, which to ignore, and which to reinterpret into modern understanding.
Thomas Jefferson created his own personal bible which literately cut and pasted all statements which he regarded as purely morally based into his own bible. Protestants and Catholics have interpreted the same bible to have very different meanings. Jews has divided themselves amongst numerous sects based on how strictly they interpret the Torah. Just like these examples, Muslims interpret the Qur’an differently, leading to a very wide range of beliefs within in a single religion.
My goal in pointing this out is because I believe that while Jihad has been grossly mischaracterized as always violent, this does not mean that all Muslims interpret the Qur’an in the same way as you. Many focus their beliefs on the peaceful parts, but on the other hand, those who choose to engage in violence are able to find justification for their actions by focusing their studies on the violent scripture in the Qur'an. It worries me, as a non-Muslim, that the Qur’an includes something that says that those "who break covenants of peace with the Prophet Muhammad (Q 9:1-14)" can be killed. Just as all religious texts tend to be conceptualized according to the modern world. I hope that lines like the one for which I just quoted your paraphrasing can be looked upon by Muslims symbolically and historically rather than literately in order to help move towards peace and dialogue amongst Muslims and non-Muslims.
Posted by: Jenna | July 25, 2007 1:40 PM
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Thank You for your "cut and paste" job.
I take you are not of one who took the argument of the scholars here on WaPo to any benefit since it bothers you greatly to go out of your way to post the political history of Islam.
As I said you do a nice "cut and paste" work where only the military excursions are posted by chronological order, thereby trying desperately to 'prove' sarcastically it is "not moderation."
If you were NOT so agenda-driven Islamophobe, and if were to stoop to your level I could do the same "cut and paste" history of violence by the Jewish tribes or even closer to home, the United States.
A year by year military account of how the European colonialists settled down and different wars were fought to establish our nation, and the "trail of tears" bereaved on the native American indigenous populations. However that would be a scurrilous, fanciful, and unfair argument because only the "violence" aspect about this nation would be highlighted.
So try and be fair, which I doubt your kind (FrankCollins, et. al) can ever be. I know you despise a thorough scholarly account of Islamic morality and beliefs which don't say what you want to hear...but then again nobody expects anything better to come out of your hearts anyway.
I just hope you find solace and not let anti-Islamic prejudice (prejudgment) consume you.
Thanks.
Posted by: EvenmoreModeration??? | July 25, 2007 12:08 AM
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even mickey mouse has a place in islam:
first little mickey says to murder jews:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZEGsnWZKh8
and when that is not enough - they have a program with a pretend jew murdering him so that little children think it really hapened and the hate of islam is with them forever.
http://youtube.com/watch?v=iDMta_VBdLQ
and lets not remember the exhaulted place of females in islam, and animals too.
Khomeini's Teachings on sex with infants and animals
Islamic Teachings on sex with infants:
"A man can have sexual pleasure from a child as young as a baby. However, he should not penetrate. If he penetrates and the child is harmed then he should be responsible for her subsistence all her life. This girl, however would not count as one of his four permanent wives. The man will not be eligible to marry the girl's sister."
The complete Persian text of this saying can be found in "Ayatollah Khomeini in Tahrirolvasyleh, Fourth Edition, Darol Elm, Qom"
Islamic Teachings on sex with animals:
"The meat of horses, mules, or donkeys is not recommended. It is strictly forbidden if the animal was sodomized while alive by a man. In that case, the animal must be taken outside the city and sold."
I wonder if it is OK to sodomize a dead animal? What happens if the buyer brings the poor animal back into the city?
"If one commits an act of sodomy with a cow, a ewe, or a camel, their urine and their excrements become impure, and even their milk may no longer be consumed. The animal must then be killed as quickly as possible and burned, and the price of it paid to its owner by him who sodomized it."
The poor animal first is sodomized and then killed and burned. What an Islamic justice towards animals? Where are the animal
rights group?
"It is forbidden to consume the excrement of animals or their nasal secretions. But if such are mixed in minute proportions into other foods their consumption is not forbidden."
"If a man fornicates with an animal and ejaculates, ablution is necessary."
It does not say who should have ablution: the animal or the man?
DOES THE ISLAM THAT THE AUTHOR OF THIS ARTICLE EVEN EXIST.
I CANT FIND IT. I CANT FIND A MORAL NON VIOLENT ISLAM. WHERE IS IT?
IT IS NOT WHAT IT STATED OUT TO BE. ITS NOT WHAT IT IS NOW. ITS NOT WHAT THE PROPHET DID. SO WHERE IS IT?
Posted by: EVEN MORE MODERATION FROM ISLAM | July 24, 2007 10:18 PM
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Mahmud of Gaznavi
(From the accounts of arikh-i-Yamini of Utbi the secretary of Mahmud of Gaznavi)
At Thaneshwar.
"The blood of the infidels flowed so copiously at Thanesar that the stream was discolored, not withstanding its purity, and people were unable to drink it. The Sultan returned with plunder which is impossible to count. Praise be to Allah for the honor he bestows on Islam and Muslims."
At Somnath
"The Muslims paid no regard to the booty till they had satiated themselves with the slaughter of the infidels and worshipers of sun and fire.... The number of infidels killed exceeded 50,000"
At Mathura
"The infidels...deserted the fort and tried to cross the foaming river...but many of them were slain, taken or drowned... Nearly fifty thousand men were killed."
Mahmud of Ghori
(from Hasan Nizami's Taj-ul-Maasir)
Kol (Modern Aligarh)
"Those of the horizon who were wise and acute were converted to Islam, but those who stood by their ancestoral faith were slain with the sword"
Kol (Modern Aligarh)
20,000 prisoners were taken and made slaves
'Three bastions were raised as high as heaven with their heads and their carcases became food for the beasts of prey
Kalinjar
50,000 prisoners were taken as slaves
Varnasi or Kasi (Benaras) :
Kamil-ut-Tawarikh of Ibn Asir records,
"The slaughter of Hindus (at Varanasi) was immense; none were spared except women and children,(who were taken into slavery) and the carnage of men went on until the earth was weary."
Zahiru'd-Din Muhammed Babur (1526 C.E. - 1520 C.E.)
Babur's Own Words on Killing Hindus:
For the sake of Islam I became a wanderer,
I battled infidels and Hindus,
I determined to become a maryr
Thank God I became a Killer of Non-Muslims!
From Baburnama, the Memoires of Babur Himself:
In AH 934 (2538 C.E.) I attacked Chanderi and by the grace of Allah captured it in a few hours. We got the infidels slaughtered and the place which had be Daru'l-Harb (nation of non-muslim) for years was made into a Daru'l-Islam (muslim nation).
Guru Nanak on Babur's atrocities:
Source:Rag Asa Guru Nanak Dev witnessed first hand the atrocities Babur committed on Hindus and recorded them in his poems. He says: Having attacked Khuraasaan, Babar terrified Hindustan. The Creator Himself does not take the blame, but has sent the Mugal as the messenger of death. There was so much slaughter that the people screamed. Didn't You feel compassion, Lord? pg (360)
On the condition of Hindu women in Babur's monster rule:
Those heads adorned with braided hair, with their parts painted with vermillion - those heads were shaved with scissors, and their throats were choked with dust.They lived in palatial mansions, but now, they cannot even sit near the palaces.... ropes were put around their necks, and their strings of pearls were broken. Their wealth and youthful beauty, which gave them so much pleasure, have now become their enemies. The order was given to the soldiers, who dishonored them, and carried them away. If it is pleasing to God's Will, He bestows greatness; if is pleases His Will, He bestows punishment pg(417-18)
On the nature of Mughal rule under Babur:
First, the tree puts down its roots, and then it spreads out its shade above. The kings are tigers, and their officials are dogs; they go out and awaken the sleeping people to harass them. The public servants inflict wounds with their nails. The dogs lick up the blood that is spilled. Source:Rag Malar, (pg.1288)
From an article by Dr. Harsh Narain on Muslim Testimony (Indian Express 2/26/90):
Since the establishment of Zahiru'd-Din Ghazi's rule, officers and religious leaders spread Islam vigorously desteroying the Hindu faith. We cleared the filth of Hinduism from Faizabad and Avadh.
Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq
(from Insha-i-Mahry by Amud Din Abdullah bin Mahru)
Delhi: -a punishment in detail (from Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi)
"A report was brought to the Sultan than there was in Delhi an old Brahman who persisted in publicly performing the worship of idols in his house and that people of the city, both Muslims and Hindus used to resort to his house to worship the idol. The Brahman had constructed a wooden tablet which was covered within and without with paintings of demons and other objects. An order was accordingly given to the Brahman and was brought before Sultan.The true faith was declared to the Brahman and the right course pointed out. but he refused to accept it. A pile was risen on which the Kaffir with his hands and legs tied was thrown into and the wooden tablet on the top. The pile was lit at two places his head and his feet. The fire first reached him in the feet and drew from him a cry and then fire completley enveloped him. Behold Sultan for his strict adherence to law and rectitude."
Delhi : (after Hindus paid the toleration tax (zar-i zimmiya) and poll-tax(jizya) they were foolish enough to build their temples.so...) "Under divine guidance I (Sultan) destroyed these temples and I killed the leaders of these infedility and others I subjected to stripes and chastisement "
Gohana (Haryana):
"Some Hindus had erected a new idol-temple in the village of Kohana and the idolaters used to assemble there and perform their idolatrous rites. These people were seized and brought before me. I ordered that the perverse conduct of these leaders of this wickedness be punished by publicly abd that they should be put to deathe before the gate of the palace."
Jajnagar:(Expedition objectives as stated by Sultan: Source:Ainn-ul-Mulk)
massacring the unbelievers
demolishing their temples
hunting the elephants
getting a glimpse of their enchanting country
Orissa:'Sirat-i-Firoz Shahi' records his expedition with the following words:
"Nearly 100,000 men of Jajnagar had taken refuge with their women, children, kinsmen and relations The swordsmen of Islam turned the island into a basin of blood by the massacre of the unbelievers. Women with babies and pregnant ladies were haltered, manacled, fettered and enchained, and pressed as slaves into service in the house of every soldier."
The Jihads of Shihabuddin,
the Sultankalka of Ghur
Around 1140, the Islamized Turko-Mongol chiefs of the Shansabanid tribe occupied Ghor in Afghanistan. Initially it was a vassal of the Ghaznavid Sultans, but around 1130 it came into conflict with them, after one of the leading Shansabanid nobles was murdered by the Ghaznavid Sultan, Bahram. A ferocious war ensued between the Sultans of Ghor and Ghazni, till Alla-ud-din Ghori invaded Ghazni with his entire cavalry and wrested it from Bahram. Alla-ud-din sacked the Indian spoils that Mahmud had placed there, massacred the city’s population in a 7-day killing spree and subsequently burnt it down. The next Ghaznavid Sultan, Khushro Maliq was driven out of Afghanistan by a coalition of Oghuz Turks and the Ghorids in 1157, and the Oghuz took Ghazni. The sons of Alla-ud-din, Ghiyas-ud-din Mu’azz-ud-din Ghori and Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Ghori defeated the Oghuz and annexed Ghazni in 1174. Ghiyas-ud-din, crowned himself Sultan, and appointed his brother Sultankalka. Shihab-ud-din was assigned the task of extending the kingdom to the East and he naturally gravitated towards India. 13 bloody campaigns that ravaged Northern India followed:
• Early in 1175 he invaded Punjab and sacked and burned Uch...(1)
• In 1178 he advanced south and marched towards Gujarat, but here the Indians acted quickly and rallying under the western chAlukya king MUlarAja II routed the Islamic forces completely forcing him to retreat...(2)
• In 1179 Ghori sent a message to PrithivirAja chAhamAna to make common cause with him against the Chalukyas. Prithivaraj however, wise disregarding his foolish minister, kadambavAsa’s advise to make a common cause with Ghori, preemptively attacked NaDDula and reconquered it from the Moslems.
• Shihab recovered in 1180 and invaded Sindh and ravaged the population carrying away much loot...(3)
• Then Shihabuddin Muhammad, quickly followed it up in 1181 and 1184 with two invasions of Lavapura (Lahore) accompanied with much slaughter...(4+5)
• In 1186 he invaded the Ghaznavid occupied Punjab and defeated the Sultan Khushro Maliq and wrested Punjab...(6)
• 1188 The Ghur Sultankalka invaded the ChAhamAna kingdom and sacked the fort of Tabarhindah killing the Hindu male populace and raping the women. Hindu refugees flocked around Delhi alarming the ChAhamAnas...(7)
• 1191 PrithivirAj advanced to meet Shihabuddin’s raid and routed him in the great battle of Tarai. While the Muslims suffered a crushing defeat, the Indians failed to butcher them to man and allowed Shihab to get away unharmed. He fled back to Central Asia leaving Punjab completely undefended...(8)
• 1191 PrithivirAj attacked Tabarhindah and took it back from the Muslims. Here the biggest mistake of the Hindus was not to reconquer and arm Punjab suitably.
• 1192 Shihab returned and sacked Tabarhindah again. This was followed by the second battle of Tarai, the ChAhamAna army was crushed and Prithiviraj was captured and brutally tortured to death...(9)
• 1192 the Ghur Sultankalka made a second trust towards Ajayamerupura (Ajmer) and sacked it smashing Hindu temples and a Hindu university in course of this invasion. The Hindus captured in this expedition caused slave prices to fall to a few Dirhams in the Muslim markets...(10)
• 1193 The sultankalka invaded Kannauj and slew the GAhadwala king Jayachandra. He followed this up with an invasion of vArANsipura slaughtering Hindus with great savagery and desecrating the holy city...(11+12)
After this, his viceroy Kutub-ud-din (also his lover?) and the Turkish adventurer Ikhtiyaruddin Khalji furthered the violence of Islam in the land of Hind. Meanwhile Shihab’s brother died in Ghazna and he crowned himself Sultan and immediately launched himself into another Jihad on the infidels of Hindustan in 1206. The exact course of this campaign is not clear. While on the North-western reaches of the Sindhu, he was ambushed by the Khokar chiefs and shot down by an arrow...(13). Thus ended the carrier of the Moslem brigand who brought misery to the whole of northern India through his 13 invasions
The Jihads of
Alla-ud-din Khalji
The one time when it appeared that the sanAtana dharma might vanish off the face of bhArata was during the ferocious jihads of Alla-ud-din of the Khalji tribe. The Khaljis entered India from Ghazna during the reign of the Mamluq Sultan Qutub-ud-din Aibak. The first of them to make his mark Bakhtiyar Khalji, whose savage jihad in Bihar and destruction of the Indian centers of learning like Nalanda is only well known. Jalal-ud-din Khalji, another member of this tribe, was accepted as the Sultan of Delhi by a confederation of Turkic tribes, after the collapse of the Mamluq Balban’s regime. Jalal opened his innings by consolidating the Turkic regime in India by suppressing other competing Maliqs and appointed his nephew, Alla-ud-din to expand his domains. We shall briefly consider his campaigns:
• In 1291 he was sent to destroy the remaining Kaffirs of Bhilsa in Central India. Il-tut-mish, the Mamluq had earlier desecrated this Hindu-Buddhist temple-university complex but it had fallen away from Islamic control. Alla invaded and conquered Bhilsa and total exterminated the Kaffirs and left behind a ghost city whose long lost temple remnants can be seen even today.
• 1292 He attacked the Vidisha in Central India, a great center of learning and destroyed it completely and slew the inhabitants.
• 1292 His spies got him the news of the great wealth of the yAdava dynasty of mahArashTra and Alla promptly invaded it and carried away a large amount of loot.
• 1295 In a remarkable campaign Alla carried the war right to Devagiri the heart of the yAdava kingdom. He demolished and looted all the temples in Devagiri.
• In 1296 with this loot Alla bought most of the Khalji army and murdered his uncle Jalal and drove away his aunt and cousin and declared himself Sultan of Hind. Jaziya was imposed on the Kaffirs.
• 1296. Latter in the year he joined the Southern Alliance of the Chagadai Ulus (predominantly Turkic tribes) against the Northern Alliance (predominantly Mongolic) and routed the latter in a battle at Jallandar securing the Panjab for himself.
• In 1297 he invaded Gujarat and destroyed the ancient Surya temples at Mehsana and subjugated the Hindus of the land with much slaughter. The rAja of Gujarat fled to Devagiri and the Hindu kings tried to fight back under shankara yAdava. Alla sent Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan against them, who defeated the yAdavas and the Gujarat king. They captured and castrated a Hindu youth who was name Maliq Kaffr and presented him to Alla, who took him as his lover.
• 1298 He sent his fiercest il-ghazi, Zafar Khan, to wage a jihad against the pagan Northern Alliance chief Suldus who was sent by Chagadai Kha’Khan Duwa. The battle concluded in a draw after fierce fighting.
• 1298 Later in the year he battled against Qutulugh Khawaja, a son of Duwa, of the Northern Alliance, the results were inconclusive
• 1299 Qutulugh Khawaja reached the doors of Delhi with a large horde. Alla’s il-ghazi’s Zafar Khan, Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan defeated Qutulugh Khawaja, but Zafar Khan was shot dead by an arrow in this battle.
• 1299 Ulugh Khan was sent to quell the Hindu resistance in Gujarat. He conquered the fort of Junagad and demolished all the temples in the surrounding regions and then went on to attack Somnath and destroy the great temple that the Hindus had rebuilt.
• 1299. Hammira Deva of the Ranthambhor defeated Alla as he attempted to sack the Rajput stronghold.
• 1301. Alla returned with his entire force to sack Ranthambhor. He succeeded and slew Hammira Deva. He conducted a massive temple demolition operation destroying all the temples of Jhain and Sawai Madhopur and slew the inhabitants.
• 1303. Chittor alone that had held out against the Muslims, attracted Khalji’s attention due to its beautiful queen Padmini. Khalji sacked and burned Chittor after slaying Rana Rattan Singh.
• 1303. Turghai and Ali Beg of the Northern Alliance wrested the Punjab from Alla and invaded Sindh. They blockaded Delhi itself for two months but retreated due to the summer heat.
• 1304. Jihad was launched on Ujjaini. This ancient center of Indian learning was destroyed completely. Chanderi was attacked next by Alla and the ancient temples were demolished.
• 1305. Malwa and Mandu were savaged and the inhabitants slaughtered.
• 1306. Then Turghai and Ali Beg defeated Khalji’s army and captured Lahore and Amroha near Delhi. Tughlaq Khan, a general of Alla, counter-attacked defeated and captured 9000 Pagan Turko-Mongols of the Northern Alliance. He had them all trampled to death by elephants for refusing to accept Islam.
• 1308. Qebek (another son of Chagadai ruler, Duwa) and Ibaqmand of the Northern Alliance struck back captured Multan. But Alla defeated them on their way back and again slaughtered all the pagan prisoners he took.
• 1308. Later in the year, the Rajputs regrouped in Sivana and declared independence but Alla smashed them in a lightning campaign and destroyed the temples in the region.
• 1309. He sent Maliq Kaffr against Devagiri that was attempting to reassert itself. Maliq Kaffr defeated the yAdavas and penetrated the Hoysala kingdom.
• 1310 Maliq Kaffr destroyed Dwarasamudra after a fierce battle and ended the Hindu Hoysala rule over those regions.
• 1311 Maliq Kaffr devastated Telengana and destroyed the temples of Warangal. He then invaded Madhurai and destroyed the Pandyan kingdom. The temples of Madhurai and Chidambaram were destroyed. Kaffr returned with enormous amounts of gold looted from the destroyed temples.
• 1311 Alla invaded Jalor to destroy the Rajput fight back and massacred the Hindu population while destroying the city.
• 1313 Devagiri made another attempt to defy the Muslim terror, Alla personally invaded mahArashTra to ravage the Devagiri kingdom.
• 1314 Alla more or less became a puppet in the hand of his lover Kaffr and subsequently died in 1316.
• 1316 Death.
Thereafter, Maliq Kaffr killed all the members of the Khalji tribe except for Qutbuddin Mubarak, Alla’s last son, and ruled in his name. Kaffr was murdered by the Turkish chiefs of the Southern Alliance and Mubarak ascended the throne. In 1318 Qutbuddin Mubarak invaded Devagiri again as its ruler Haripala Deva had cast off the Muslim yoke. Haripala faced a massive defeat and was captured. He was skinned alive and his head and skin were placed on display at the entrance to the Devagiri fort. Thus ended the yAdava dynasty and Hindu sovereignty in mahArashTra. Mubarak’s lover Khusru murdered him and made himself Sultan. Amir Qazaghan of the Qara’Unas tribe, from Konduz, became the lord of the Southern Alliance and sent his commander al Ghazi al Maliq Tughlaq to seize the throne of Delhi after murdering Khusru.
Sources: Histoire des Mongols D’Ohsson.; Hafiz-i-Abru, trns Byani (Paris 1936). Tazjiyat-al-amsar va tajriyat of Wassaf; A Forgotten Empire : Vijayanagar : A Contribution to the history of India", Robert Sewell
Aurangazeb (1658 C.E. - 1707 C.E.)
Aurangzeb considered himself "The Scourge Of The Kafirs" (non-believers) and closed Hindu schools and libraries. In his lifetime he destroyed more than 10,000 Hindu, Buddhist and Jam temples and often erected mosques in their stead.3 In 1669 in Agra he had hacked off the limbs of the recalcitrant Hindu King Gokla and in 1672 several thousand revolting Hindus were slaughtered in Mewat.
From: Maasi-i-Alamgiri
Issued general order to destroy all centers of Hindu learnings including Varnasi and destroyed the temple at Mathura and renamed it as Islamabad
In Khandela (rajastan) he killed 300 Hindus in one day for they resisted the destruction of their temple.
In Udaipur all Hindus of the town were killed as they vowed to defend the temple of Udaipur from destruction.
172 temples were destroyed in Udaipur.
66 temples were pulled down in Amber. All Hindu clerks were dismissed from the office of the Imperial empire.
In Pandhpur , Maharashtra, the Emperor ordered and executed the destruction of temple and butchering of cows within the temple.
Aurangazeb also tortured to death the disciples of Guru Tegh bahadur before his death and also killed Guru. Guru Tegh Bahadur - the pride of Hindustan was martyred for he spoke for the persecuted Hindus of Hindustan. Aurangazeb also killed Guru Gobind singh's two children aged less than ten by walling them alive for not accepting the choice of Islam. In Punjab Muslim governors killed hundreds of Sikh children and made Sikh women eat the flesh of their own killed children. Banda Bahadur another great Sikh martyr before being torturd to death was also made to eat the flesh of his own children killed before his eyes. Any Muslim bringing the head of a dead Sikh was also awarded money
Jahangir (1605 C.E. - 1628 C.E.)
Source: Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri
Though in the beginning of his rule Jahangir followed the humanistic rule of his father Akbar the great -the policy of sulehkul even issued a proclamation against the forcible conversion of Hindus to Islam, he revoked Akbar's orders that those who have been forcibly converted from Islam could return to Hinduism. He severely punished Kaukab, Sharif and Abdul Latif for showing inclination to Hinduism. He also prohibited the free inter-marriage customs between Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir. Hindus marrying Muslim girls and those who had already married were given a hoice between Islam and death. Many were killed.
Jahangir's torture of Guru Arjun Dev ji: Guru was imprisoned at Lahore fort. He was chained to a post in an open place exposed to the sun from morning to evening in the summer months of May to June. Below his feet a heap of sand was put which burnt like a furnace. Boiling water was poured on his naked body at intervals. His body was covered with blisters all over. In this agony Guru used to utter.
Tera Kiya Metha lage, naam padarath Nanak mange(whatever you ordain appears sweet. I supplicate for the gift of name)
The Guru was ordercd to be executed. In addition a fine of Rupees two lakhs was imposed on him. Some historians say that, as a measure of clemency at the intervention of Mian Mir, this fine was imposed in lieu of the sentence of death. The Sikhs offered to pay the fine themselves but the Guru forbade them to do so. He replied to the Emperor, "Whatever money I have is for the poor, the friendless and the stranger. If thou ask for money thou mayest take what I have; but if thou ask for it by way of fine, I shall not give thee even a Kaurz (penny)." The Guru accepted death by torture
Shah Jahan (1658 C.E. - 1707 C.E.)
In 1632 Shah jahan ordered that all Hindu temples recently erected or in the course of construction should be razed to the ground. In Benares alone seventy six temples were destroyed. Christian churches at Agra and Lahore were demolished. In a manner befitting the Prophet he had ten thousand inhabitants executed by being "blown up with powder, drowned in water or burnt by fire". Four thousand were taken captive to Agra where they were tortured to try to convert them to Islam. Only a few apostacised, the remainder were trampled to death by elephants, except for the younger women who went to harems.
Shahjahan put enormous eonomic pressure on Hindus particularly peasents to become Muslims. The criminals too were forced to become Muslims.
Source: Badshah Nama, Qazinivi & Badshah Nama , Lahori
When Shuja was appointed as governor of Kabul he carried on a ruthless war in the Hindu territory beyond Indus...The sword of Islam yielded a rich crop of converts....Most of the women (to save their honour) burnt themselves to death. Those captured were distributed among Muslim Mansabdars.
Source: Manucci, Storia do Mogor vol-II p.451 & Travels of Frey Sebastian Manrique
Under Shahjahan peasents were compelled to sell their women and children to meet their revenue requirements....The peasents were carried off to various Markets and fairs to be sold with their poor unhappy wives carrying their small children crying and lamenting. According to Qaznivi Shahjagan had decreed they should be sold to Muslim lords
Posted by: LETS NOT FORGET MODERATE PEACEFUL ISLAM IN INDIA | July 24, 2007 10:15 PM
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EVERYTHING IN MODERATION:
780AD: Islam, Capture of Semaluos by Harun ar-Rashid. In Spain, capture of Saragossa, Hosein is taken and executed.
788AD: Islam, Spain, Death of Abd ar-Rahman. HIs son and appointed heir, Hisham I, succeeds. He proclaims a holy war and finishes the mosque of Cordova.
789AD: Islam, Arabs invade Rumania.
792AD: Islamic invasion of Southern France, from Spain.
807AD: Islam: Spain, After continual disorder in Toledo, Al-Hakim massacres the chief citizens. Resistance is abandoned.
815AD: Islam: Spain, Rising in Cordova against Moslems put down with great cruelty. Exile of the inhabitants who go to Africa.
829AD: Islam: Mohammedans from Africa invade Sicily, take Palermo.
831AD: Islam: Mohammedans being long invasion of Asia Minor.
832AD: Islam: Capture of Heraclea. In Spain in 832, Toledo rebels against Moslem rule and is suppressed again.
838AD: Islam: Moslem victory at Dasymon. Amorium captured.
839AD: Moslem occupation of Southern Italy.
846AD: Islam, Moslem forces sack Rome.
847AD: Islam: Death of Wathik. State officials elect Mutawakkil. He is noted for atrocious cruelty and persecutes Jews and Christians.
852AD: Islam, Serious revolt suppressed in Armenia.
858AD: Islam, Great war with Byzantines begins in Asia Minor. Mohammedans capture the Byzantine commander.
860AD: Islam, Byzantine defeat near Melitene.
872AD: Islam: The Tahirites are overthrown in Persia, and War with the Byzantines recommences.
887AD-888AD: Islam: Mohammedan invasions of Asia Minor.
904AD: Islam: Moslems capture Thessalonica.
917AD: Sicily falls to the Saracens, "an Arabic race" based at Palermo.
939AD: Islam: Capture of Mosul.
985-986AD: Islam: al-Mansur conquers and sacks Barcelona, a port of eastern Spain.
987AD: Islam: Spain, Bermudo tries to free himself from Moorish sovereignty, Al-Mansur razes Coimbra and in 988 invades to the heart of Leon.
996AD: Islam, Spain, Moorish capture of city of Leon. Al-Mansur now takes Compostella. In Africa, Al-Mansur's generals have victories in Mauretania.
997-1030AD: Mohammed of Ghazni rules Afghan empire; he invades India 17 times.
From 1000AD: Turkey transforms Islamic Society and carries Islam into India and Europe.
1008AD: Islam: Spain, Death of Abul-Malik. His brother Abd ar-Rahman (Sanchol) succeeds to chief ministry, and he conducts a campaign in Leon.
1009AD: Jerusalem: Holy Sepulchre destroyed by Al Hakim.
1010AD: Islam: Hakim destroys Christian Churches in Syria.
1019AD: Islam: Moslem conquest of Punjab in India.
1058AD: Islam, persecution of Christians in Alexandria.
1065AD: Muslim Seljuk Turks invade Asia Minor.
1074AD: Islam, Suleiman, the Seljuk, conquers Asia Minor and founds kingdom of Rum or Iconium.
1090AD: Islam, Hassan b. Sabba, of Nishapur, organizes a band of Karmathians called The Assassins.
1192AD: India: Moslem Muhammad of Ghur captures Delhi.
1192AD: India: Sultanate of Delhi is founded by Afghan invaders.
1194-1199AD: Islam: Moslem conquest of Northern India and Bengal.
1238-1492AD: In 1238 founding of the Moslem Kingdom of Granada.
1336AD: India: Hindu empire of Vijayanagar founded by Harihara I, and becomes centre of resistance to Islam.
Circa 1390AD: Islam: Ottoman Turks complete conquest of Asia Minor.
1550: Islam spreads to Indonesia.
July 24, 2007 9:38 PM | Report Offensive Comments
Posted on July 24, 2007 21:38
EVEN MORE MODERATION FROM ISLAM:
Qur’an Chapter 2 Verse 65:
And well ye knew those amongst you who transgressed in the matter of the Sabbath (Jews): We said to them: "Be ye apes, despised and rejected."
Ishaq: 250
The bestial transformation occurred when Allah turned Jews into apes, despised.
Tabari VIII: 28
When the Messenger approached the Jews, he said, ‘You brothers of apes! Allah shamed you and cursed you.’
Qur’an Chapter 5 Verse 14:
From those too, who call themselves Christians, We did take a covenant, but they forgot a good part of the Message that was sent to them: so We estranged them, with enmity and hatred between one and the other, to the Day of Judgment. And soon will Allah show them what they have done.
Qur’an Chapter 5 Verse 41:
…Jews, - men who will listen to any lie…For them there is disgrace in this world, and in the Hereafter a heavy punishment.
Qur’an Chapter 5 Verse 82:
Strongest among men in enmity (hatred) to the believers (Muslims) wilt thou find the Jews and Pagans.
Ishaq: 262
Some Muslims remained friends with the Jews, so Allah sent down a Qur’an forbidding them to take Jews as friends. From their mouths hatred has already shown itself and what they conceal is worse.
Qur’an Chapter 5 Verse 51:
O you who believe! Take not the Jews and the Christians for your friends and protectors: they are but friends and protectors to each other. And he among you that turns to them for friendship is of them.
Qur’an Chapter 3 Verse 28:
Let not the believers Take for friends or helpers Unbelievers rather than believers: if any do that, in nothing will there be help from Allah: except by way of precaution (prevention), that ye may Guard yourselves from them (prevent them from harming you.) But Allah cautions you (To remember) Himself; for the final goal is to Allah. [This verse teaches Muslims not to make friends with unbelievers, but allows them to feign friendship with unbelievers in order to prevent harm befalling themselves]
Ishaq: 364
Muslims, take not Jews and Christians as friends. Whoever protects them becomes one of them, they become diseased, and will earn a similar fate.
Sahih Muslim Book 037, Number 6665:
Abu Musa' reported that Allah's Messenger said: When it will be the Day of Resurrection Allah would deliver to every Muslim a Jew or a Christian and say: That is your rescue from Hell-Fire. [All Muslims are saved from Hell because a Jew or a Christian will go to hell in their place]
MODERATION FROM THE HEAD MAN HIMSELF:
SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI
From Ibn Sa`d's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, translated by S. Moinul Haq, volume 2, pages 30-31.
SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI
Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah. `Asma' was the wife of Yazid Ibn Zayd Ibn Hisn al-Khatmi. She used to revile Islam, offend the prophet and instigate the (people) against him. She composed verses. Umayr Ibn Adi came to her in the night and entered her house. Her children were sleeping around her. There was one whom she was suckling. He thrust his sword in her chest till it pierced up to her back. Then he offered the morning prayers with the prophet at al-Medina. The apostle of Allah said to him: "Have you slain the daughter of Marwan?" He said: "Yes. Is there something more for me to do?" He [Muhammad] said: "No. Two goats will butt together about her. This was the word that was first heard from the apostle of Allah. The apostle of Allah called him `Umayr, "basir" (the seeing).
in ww2 islam did this http://www.tellthechildrenthetruth.com/gallery/
and in ww1 islamics killed 1.8 million christian armenians by islamic turks.
and then there is this:
One of many sacks of Rome, that of the year 846 was the only instance of Muslims sacking the capital of the Christian church.
During the 8th and 9th centuries, the Arabs (known by mediaeval Italians as the Saracens) had begun to expand into Southern Italy during the Muslim conquest of Southern Italy. These newcomers, sailing from their bases in North Africa, had conquered Sicily and had begun a steady penetration of the peninsula.
Under Pope Paschal I (817-824), all the spoils of the holy martyrs were transferred into the walls of the city. When Rome was finally sacked in 846, Paschal's preparation did not prevent the robbery of Basilica of Saint Peter itself, nor of another major basilica, San Paolo fuori le Mura, both of which were outside the ancient fortifications.
hey lets talk crusades.
i posted a date by date history of islam's first 50 years. murder after murder. now here is a summary of what lead up to the crusades.
The first Crusade began in 1095… 460 years after the first Christian city was overrun by Muslim armies, 457 years after Jerusalem was conquered by Muslim armies, 453 years after Egypt was taken by Muslim armies, 443 after Muslims first plundered Italy, 427 years after Muslim armies first laid siege to the Christian capital of Constantinople, 380 years after Spain was conquered by Muslim armies, 363 years after France was first attacked by Muslim armies, 249 years after Rome itself was sacked by a Muslim army, and only after centuries of church burnings, killings, enslavement and forced conversions of Christians.
846 Muslims sacking the capital of the Christian church. During the 8th and 9th centuries, the Arabs (known by mediaeval Italians as the Saracens) had begun to expand into Southern Italy during the Muslim conquest of Southern Italy. These newcomers, sailing from their bases in North Africa, had conquered Sicily and had begun a steady penetration of the peninsula.
Under Pope Paschal I (817-824), all the spoils of the holy martyrs were transferred into the walls of the city. When Rome was finally sacked in 846, Paschal's preparation did not prevent the robbery of Basilica of Saint Peter itself, nor of another major basilica, San Paolo fuori le Mura, both of which were outside the ancient fortifications.
To prevent a second such incident, in 852 Pope Leo IV commissioned the construction of another wall (so-called Leonine Wall) around an area on the opposite side of the Tiber from the seven hills of Rome. This enclosure has since become known as the Leonine City.
additionally - The Islamic conquest and domination of Sicily, as well as parts of southern Italy, is a process whose origin must be traced back in the general expansion of Islam from the 7th century onwards.
The first attacks from Islamic ships to Sicily, then part of the Eastern Roman Empire, occurred in 652: they were Arabs from Syria, led by Mu'àuia ibn-Hodeig of the Kinda tribe, and remained on the island for several years. The Byzantine exarch of Ravenna Olympius also came to Sicily but were unable to oust the invaders, who returned to Syria after collecting a large booty.
A second expedition occurred in 669. This time the strong, ravaging force consisted of 200 ships from Alexandria. They sacked Syracuse and returned to Egypt after a month of pillaging. After the Umayyad conquest of Africa (complete around 700), attacks from Muslim fleets repeated in 703, 728, 729, 730, 731, 733 and 734, the last two times meeting with a substantial Byzantine resistance.
The first true conquest expedition was launched in 740: in that year the Muslim prince Habib, who participated on the 728 attack, and his son Abdurrahman, after a successful siege of Syracuse, were ready to conquer the whole island when they were called back to Tunisia by a Berber revolt. A second attack in 752 aimed only to sack the city.
In 805 the Imperial patrician of Sicily, Constantine, signed a ten years truce with Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab, Emir of Ifriqiya, but this did not prevent other Muslim fleets from other areas of Africa and Spain to attack Sardinia and Corsica in 806-821. In 812 Ibrahim's son, Abdallah I, sent an invasion force to conquer Sicily. His ships were however pushed back first by the intervention of Gaeta and Amalfi, and later by a tempest which destroyed much of them. However, they managed to conquer the islands of Lampedusa and, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, to ravage Ponza and Ischia. A further agreement between the new patrician Gregorius and the Emir established the freedom of commerce between southern Italy and Ifriqiya. After a further attack by Mohammed ibn-Adballad, cousin of Emir Ziyadat Allah I in 819, no news of subsequent Muslim attack to Sicily are known until 827.
At his point, Sicily was almost entirely in control of Aghlabids, with the exception of some minor strongholds in the rugged interior. The population had been increased by the immigration of Muslims from Africa, Asia and Spain, as well as Berbers, who were most concentrated in the southern of the island. The emir in Palermo nominated the governors of the main cities (qadi) and those of the less important ones (hakim), and the other functionaries. Each city had a council called gema, composed by the most eminent members of the local society, which was entrusted of the care of the public works and of the social order.
The conquered Sicilian population was subjected to the typical discrimination against the Infidel found in most Muslim dominated lands.
****They were permitted freedom of worship, but only if they accepted the inferior status of a dhimmi.****
As dhimmi they were subjected to extra taxation -- the jizya (poll tax) and the kharaj (land tax), which ensured that they were contributing to the upkeep of security and protection that the Muslim armies were providing them. There were restrictions on repairing or building new churches. The dhimmi could not bear arms or ride a horse and were required to wear distinctive clothes so that they could be easily identified as dhimmi. Some converted to Islam in order to leviate the additional taxes that they had to pay. This situation resulted in the spread of Islam among the inhabitants (whether by honest conviction or economic and societal compulsion). However, many Greek Christian communities managed to survive as dhimmi until the arrival of the Normans -- especially in the hill towns of Northeastern Sicily. These Sicilians generally welcomed the Norman invaders.
isn't 500 years of being attacked, sacking rome, enough to warrant a response? not if your islamic.
Posted by: EVEN MORE MODERATION | July 24, 2007 10:13 PM
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WERE THESE MODERATE ACTS TOO:
629AD: Arabia, Mohammedan war against the Greek subjects in Arabia.
629AD: Emperor Heraclius in Constantinople receives embassies from as far away as France and India, and surprisingly, also a letter (as an apocryphal legend) from an Arabian chieftain and a Prophet of God, Mohammed, suggesting that he join a new faith.
630AD: Arabia, Mohammed moves against Mecca and conquers it. War with the Hawazin. Rapid spread of Islam. The Ka'aba in Mecca, a repository of idols, is cleansed of idols and becomes a building deeply revered by Moslems.
632AD: Death of Mohammed. The Prophet's successor is his father-in-law, Abu Bakr (Abu Bekr) who is chosen Caliph, or representative, and pursues an expansionist policy. Persians are expelled from Bahrein. An army under Khalid sets out against the Byzantine Empire. An Arab army moves up the south coast of Palestine and takes Gaza. Abu Bakr reduces a revolt in Nejd and Yemen, and defends Medina.
634AD: Moslem conquest of Yemen.
635AD: Islam: Moslem capture of Damascus. by 636 are added conquests of Emesa, Heliopolis, Chalcis, Beroae, Edessa, Battle of Yermuk. Heraclius abandons Syria to the Moslems.
EVERYTHING IN MODERATION:
636AD: Kingdom of Ghassan (300-636AD): Founded about 300AD by Thalaba, the first to take the name of king. His successors rule until 636, when Djabala VI surrenders to the Mohammedans.
637AD: Arabia: Middle East, Battle of Cadesia, or Kadisiya, Moslem victory over the Persians. Omar captures Jerusalem, then Aleppo and Antioch.
637AD and later: Moslem missionary expansionism had meant that Moslems had intervened at Jerusalem from 637AD. Moslems, partly due to their existing maritime skills, were actually invited into Portugal to help with problems by 711. Later they occupied Toledo. They were on Crete by 826, taking the island from the Byzantines, another obviously maritime adventure. Moslems had intervened in Sind (India) by the early Eighth Century, but they did not dominate Northern India till the Eleventh Century.
637AD: Sasanid power in Iran is broken by Moslem Arabs.
638AD: Mesopotamia is conquered by Islam who also take Tarsus and Diar-Bekr.
639AD: Invasion of Egypt by Moslem, Amru.
To 640AD: Arab forces take Palestinian cities such as Dara, Caesarea, Antioch, the isthmus of Suez. Iraq was taken by 637AD. In 639, Egypt was invaded by Moslem Arabs. In 641, Babylon (Old Cairo) was taken. Alexandria was recaptured in 645. By 700AD, Roman Africa was under Moslem control.
640AD: Islam, The Arabs invade Egypt and burn the library of Alexandria . However, the Arabs preserve the use of engineering skills known in Egypt at the time, while Europe remains ignorant.
610AD-641AD: Emperor Heraclius fails to stem the Arab threat and loses Africa, Spain and Northern Italy.
641AD: Islam: Battle of Nehavend, great victory for Islam over Persians, and many Persian nobility come to terms with Islam. Yezdegerd the king flees to a remote corner and holds a vestige of power till about 651-652. Alexandria is captured.
642AD: Islamic invasion of Egypt.
644AD: Islam: Death of Omar succeeded by Othman, a weak ruler who allows Islamic power to fall into the hands of the Koreish nobility.
647AD: Islam: Invasion of Africa by Abdallah, Arabs expel the Romans.
649AD: Islam: Invasion of Cyprus in 649, Conquest of Aradus in 650, Conquest of Armenia in 652, Conquest of Rhodes in 654, in 655 is defeat of emperor Constans by Mohammedans in naval battle off Mt Phoenix in Lycia.
Circa 650AD: Revelations of Mohammed are written; they become The Koran.
656AD: Islam: Murder of Othman by a party in opposition to growing worldliness of Islam. Leader of the opposition, and son-in-law of Mohammed the Prophet, is Ali, who succeeds. Battle of the Camel. Moawiyah, governor of Syria, heads the opponents of Ali, and incites them to revenge.
657AD: Islam: Ali invades northern Syria. Battle of Siffin. The theocratic faction rebels against Ali.
658AD: Islam: Decision of the Umpires, Ali and Moawiyah, the latter wins. Peace made with the Byzantine Empire. Egypt conquered for Moawiyah.
659: Islam: Moslem conquest of Egypt.
661-750AD: The Moslem Omayyads rule in Damascus, Syria.
662-663AD: Islam: Great invasion of Asia Minor. Death of Amru.
668AD: Islam: Islam advances to Chalcedon and holds Amorium for a time.
669AD: Islam: Great invasion of Sicily. In 670, foundation of Kairwan.
670AD: Moslem conquest of Kabul (Afghanistan).
673-677AD: Islam: Mohammedans besiege Constantinople but are driven off by Greek fire.
677AD: Islamic world: Siege of Constantinople.
691AD: Islam, In Jerusalem, The Dome of the Rock is completed for Caliph Abdul-Malik.
697AD: Sweeping Arab Moslems capture Tunisia, a state with parts of Algeria.
697-698AD: Islam, Hassan invades Africa, takes Carthage.
709AD: Islam, Conquest of Tyana.
711AD: Islam: Invasion of Spain at instigation of Julian, governor of Ceuta. Battle of Xerxes. Tarik destroyed the Visigothic Kingdom.
711AD: Islam, Moslem forces occupy Spain. By 717, Moslem forces are trying to take Constantinople.
711AD: Tariq ibn Ziyad lands at Gibraltar, begins Moorish conquest of Spain.
711AD: Omayyads conquer Sind and found first Moslem state in India.
711-712AD: Islam: Arab and Berber armies cross the Strait of Gibraltar, Africa to Spain. The Moors are the Mauri, a Berber people based at Cordoba, hence the name, Moors.
712AD: Islam, Mohammedans take Antioch in Pisidia. Great success for Moslem generals Kotaiba and Muhammed b. Kasim in Asia.
716AD: Islam: Mohammedans invade Asia Minor, siege of Amorium, the town is relieved by Leo the Isaurian.
717AD: Islam: Siege of Pergamus, siege of Constantinople.
718AD: Islam: Repulse of the Mohammedans from Constantinople, in revenge the Caliph excludes all Christians from servants of the state.
721AD: Islam: Death of Ibn Muhallab in battle. Mohammedans cross the Pyrenees and capture Narbonne, France, but are defeated at Toulouse, and they retire under Abd ar-Rahman.
725AD: Islamic armies have moved up the Rhone River.
726AD: Islam: Mohammedans invade Cappadocia.
732AD: "Islam versus Europe": Battle of Tours in France.
732AD: Charles Martel (the grandfather of Charlemagne) stops the advance of Moslems between Poitiers and Tours.
734AD: Islam, Mohammedan invasion of Asia Minor.
739AD: Islam, Byzantine victory at Acroinon.
746AD: Islam: Mohammedan invasion of Cyprus.
751AD: Arabs win Battle of River Talas, central Asia; Islam comes to China.
755AD: Islam, Spain is lost to the Abbasids.
756-757AD: Islam, Invasion of Asia Minor, capture of Malatiya, defeat of the Byzantines in Cilicia.
775AD: Islam, Continued invasion of Asia Minor.
776AD: Islam, Destruction of Charlemagne's army at Roncesvalles, on its return from the invasion to restore Hosein to power in Spain
Posted by: EVERYTHING IN MODERATION | July 24, 2007 10:08 PM
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WHAT IS A Moderate Moslem?:
do they use the same koran as non moderate ones?
how are moderate ones different than non moderate ones? define non moderate
DO MODERATES FOLLOW THIS?:
To Muslims the Koran is the very word of God, who spoke through the Angel Gabriel to Muhammad: "This book is not to be doubted," the Koran declares unequivocally at its beginning. Scholars and writers in Islamic countries who have ignored that warning have sometimes found themselves the target of death threats and violence, sending a chill through universities around the world.
The Hadith No. 284, The Muslim, volume one, says that any Jew or Christian, who heard of Muhammad but did not convert to Islam, and died in disbelief, would rot in hell! Thus Islam withdraws from all Jews and Christians the right to believe in their faiths, and practice them as such.
"The unbelievers of the People of the Book and the idolators shall be in the Fire of Hell therein dwelling for ever; those are the worst of creatures. But those who believe, and do righteous deeds, those are the best of creatures..." (XCVIII: The Clear Sign: 5)
Here those Jews and Christians, who spurn Islam, have been lumped together with the idolators such as the Hindus, and classified as 'the worst of creatures'. Therefore the Koran commands:
"O believers, take not as your friends those of them, who were given the Book before you, and the unbelievers, who take your religion in mockery and as a sport..." (V: The Table: 60)
"The true believers say: Has not God ordered a chapter that commands the holy war" (Sura 47:22); or elsewhere: "Kill the idolaters wherever you find them, imprison them, besiege them, ambush them" (Sura 9:5); and, "Make war on unbelievers" (Sura 9:29). "When you come upon unbelievers, massacre them, tighten the bands of the captives that you will have taken. Then you will set them free, or you will release them for a ransom" (Sura 8:57).
"To Allah, there are no animals viler than those who do not believe and remain unbelievers" (Sura 8:57). That is why it is necessary to Islamize them by force and by humiliation. And those who resist Islam and its founder must be chastised, according to the Koran: "Here is the fate of those who fight Allah and his messenger: you will put them to death or you will make them suffer the torture of the cross; you will cut their hands and their feet alternately. They will be driven from the country" (Sura 5:37).
"Do not display cowardice, and do not call the infidels to peace when you are superior to them" (Sura 47:22). THIS ALLOWS THEM TO MAKE PEACE SO THAT THEY CAN MAKE WAR AGAIN LATER.
4.89": They desire that you should disbelieve as they have disbelieved, so that you might be (all) alike; therefore take not from among them friends until they fly (their homes) in Allah's way; but if they turn back, then seize them and kill them wherever you find them, and take not from among them a friend or a helper.
"4.90": Except those who reach a people between whom and you there is an alliance, or who come to you, their hearts shrinking from fighting you or fighting their own people; and if Allah had pleased, He would have given them power over you, so that they should have certainly fought you; therefore if they withdraw from you and do not fight you and offer you peace, then Allah has not given you a way against them.
"4.91": You will find others who desire that they should be safe from you and secure from their own people; as often as they are sent back to the mischief they get thrown into it headlong; therefore if they do not withdraw from you, and (do not) offer you peace and restrain their hands, then seize them and kill them wherever you find them; and against these We have given you a clear authority."
IF NOT THEN THEY ARE NOT ISLAMIC - IF THEY DO WHAT MAKES THEM MODERATE?
WERE THESE THE ACTS OF MODERATES?:
622-623AD: Mecca-Medina: Mohammed with followers flees opposition in Mecca and go to Medina. The first mosque is built. Mohammed becomes a warrior.
625AD: Arabia: Battle of Ohod, victory of the Meccans.
624AD: Arabia: First battle for the faith with the Meccans at Bedr. Victory of Mohammed.
628AD: Mohammedan war against the Jews of Khaibar.
Posted by: EVERYTHING IN MODERATION | July 24, 2007 10:05 PM
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like I posted before - whatt garbage- whats in these "religions' for those who thing "god" is a weird ,circular logic concept? Nuts acting like nuts- sad the way 90% of humanity is that loonie.
Posted by: P Gesner. | July 24, 2007 8:10 PM
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like I posted before - whatt garbage- whats in these "religions' for those who thing "god" is a weird ,circular logic concept? Nuts acting like nuts- sad the way 90% of humanity is that loonie.
Posted by: P Gesner. | July 24, 2007 8:10 PM
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Lovely, but what about people whoi DO NOT BELIEVE there is a god(or gods or goddeses or something that alowed the evolution of creatures of lovedcraft's fertile imagination?) Where do they fit? It is like the way muslims ignore the existance of homosexuality. Its there in the Human genome just like love of muslic and art. And not all people are hetrosexual sex maniacs who hate dogs and have an irrational distaste for pork. Wwhere do those people fit in in the perfect for all mankind views of Mohamad? Right there it is as much bunk and full of selfcenteredness of the "prophet" as any other religion. NOTHING UNIVERSAL as it claims. Amazing how people can make a fortune from garbage said a a tone deaf person marveling at the celeberities on Entertainment Tonight.
Posted by: P Gesner | July 24, 2007 8:07 PM
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This is typical of those wishing to avoid the actual tribalist history of dimmitude against other peoples and religions that is common and persistent throughout Islamic history. "The Quran says"...but what do the Mullahs and people actually do to enforce "morality"? Since there is only one morality, infidels become enemies of Allah very immediately. They submit, are subjugated, or they devolve into enemies worthy of massacre. Islam is a medievalist religion full of this type of absolutism. That is very soft pedaled here to the point of dishonesty and distortion of history. Sharia law is a distinct form of moral fascism.
Posted by: Chris Barrett | July 24, 2007 11:03 AM
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